The relationship between perceived self-efficacy and contraceptive behaviors among Iranian women referring to health centers in Mashad in order to decrease unwanted pregnancies

Peyman, Noushin; Heidarnia, Ali; Ghofranipour, Fazlollah; Kazemnejad, Anooshirvan; Khodaee, Gholam Hossein; Amin Shokravi, Farkhondeh

The relationship between perceived self-efficacy and contraceptive behaviors among Iranian women referring to health centers in Mashad in order to decrease unwanted pregnancies

Vol. 8, Issue 1, / April-June 2007
(pages 78-90)

Noushin Peyman: - Department of Health Education, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
Ali Heidarnia: - Department of Health Education, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
Fazlollah Ghofranipour: - Department of Health Education, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
Anooshirvan Kazemnejad: - Department of Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Gholam Hossein Khodaee: - Khorasan Razavi Provincial Health Center, Mashad University of Medical Sciences, Mashad, Iran
Farkhondeh Amin Shokravi: - Department of Health Education, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

Received: 4/1/2007 Accepted: 4/1/2007 - Publisher : Avicenna Research Institute

Other Format

Abstract

Introduction: Unwanted pregnancy remains a major public health concern. In Iran, 8.7% of women of reproductive age (15-49) have an unwanted pregnancy during use of a reversible method of contraception, and 5.6% of these pregnancies occur among Oral Contraceptive (OC) users. OC use is the most popular and widely used method among Iranian women. The recent Iran Demogra-phic and Health Survey (IDHS) reported that only half (51.5%) of OC users take it correctly. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the women’s self-efficacy on their oral contra-ceptive performance. Materials & Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey on oral contraceptives that investi-gated contraceptive behavior based on steps to behavior change (SBC) model and self efficacy theory of OC users in Iran. The survey was conducted from July 2005 to May 2006 in family planning clinics of Mashad Health Centers. Three hundred and fifty two OC users were interview-ed. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software. Statistical methods such as descriptive analysis, spearman correlation and multiple regressions were employed. Results: Family planning self-efficacy was significantly related to knowledge, approval, intention, practice and advocacy, among which, intention and advocacy had the highest correlation and predictability power. Standard multiple regression analysis revealed that this model had worked extremely well. Indeed, the independent variables accounted for 54.5% of the variance in intention. Conclusion: This study confirms that the hypothesis of improving family planning self-efficacy can be effective in consistent and correct use of oral contraceptive pills and it can produce positive outcomes. It is suggested that the findings of present study be used as a basis for interventions designed to enhance better performance in the concerned area.

Keywords: Family planning, Oral contraceptive pill, Iranian women, Health centers, Self-efficacy, Steps to behavior change model, Unwanted pregnancy

To cite this article:

Peyman N, Heidarnia A, Ghofranipour F, Kazemnejad A, Khodaee GH, Amin Shokravi F, et al. The relationship between perceived self-efficacy and contraceptive behaviors among Iranian women referring to health centers in Mashad in order to decrease unwanted pregnancies. J Reprod Infertil. 2007;8(1):78-90.

References

حلم سرشت، پریوش. دل پیشه، اسماعیل. جمعیت و تنظیم خانواده. انتشارات چهر. چاپ هفدهم. 1381. صفحات 78-49.
تقوی، نعمت ا... . جمعیت و تنظیم خانواده. چاپ هفتم، تبریز: نشر جامعه پژوه. دانیال، صفحات 77- 78.
واحد بهداشت باروری. معاونت پژوهشی وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشكی با همكاری صندوق جمعیت سازمان ملل متحد (UNFPA). 1379.
دفتر سلامت خانواده و جمعیت وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پـزشكي. سیمـای جمعیـت و سـلامت در جمهـوری اسلامی ایران. معاونت سلامت. مهر ماه 1379.
دفتر سلامت خانواده و جمعیت وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشکی. نظام نوین پایش و ارزشیابی برنامه‌های سلامت باروری. معاونت سلامت. 1384.
Blackburn RD, Cunkelman JA, Zlidar VM. Oral Cont-raceptive-An Update. Population Repots. The Johns Hopkins School of public health, Series A, Number 9. Spring 2000;pp:1-7.
Amin Shokravi F, Howden Chapman P. [A study on the effective factors of unwanted pregnancies in pregnant women of Tehran city].J Reprod Infertil. 2004;5(3):249-58. Persian. [Abstract]
Abazari F, Arab M, Abbasszadeh A. [Relationship of unwanted pregnancy and fertility behavior in pregnant women who visited maternity wards of Kerman hospitals]. J Reprod Infertil. 2002;4(1):39-46. Persian. [Abstract]
Abbasi-Shavazi MJ, Hosseini Chavoshi MD, elavar B. ["Unwanted" pregnancies and its determinants in Iran]. J Reprod Infertil. 2003;5(1):62-76. Persian. [Abstract]
Oakley D, Potter L, de Leon-Wong E. Toward under-standing OC Pill-use behaviors that protect against unintended pregnancy. Paper presented at Population Association of America Conference, New Orleans, LA, May 7-8, 1996.
Potter L, Oakley D, de Leon-Wong. Measuring oral contraceptive pill-taking. Fam Health Int. (In press).
Marcy SA, Brown JS, Danielson R. Contraceptive use by adolescent females in relation to knowledge, and to time and method of contraceptive counseling. Res Nurs Health .1983;6:175-82. [PubMed]
Population Information program, center for communi-cation programs. Helping women use the pill. Popula-tion Repots, The Johns Hopkins School of public health. Series A, Number10, spring 2000.
رضائیان، محسن. عوامل تعیین کنندۀ مصرف صحیح قرص‌های ضد بارداری خوراكی در زنان شهری و روستایی ایران. فصلنامه پزشكی باروری و ناباروری، سال (1385)، شماره 2، صفحات: 149-155.
Burns J, Grove SK. The practice of nursing research: conduct, critique and utilization. 4th Edition. Philladel-phia: W B Saunders Co. 2001;pp:683-714.
Rimon J, Rosa M. Philippines communication out-reach accelerates family planning use in 1993-1996. communication Impact. The Johns Hopkins University. 2003.www.jhuccp.org/pubs/ci/3/index.shtml.
Center for communication programs. Steps to Beha-vior Change. The Johns Hopkins University. School of public Health. 2005.
Doak CC, Doak LG, Root Jane H. Teaching Patients with Low Literacy Skills. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Co. 1996;pp:57-68.
Shannon J, Kirkley B, Ammerman A, Keyserling T, Kelsey K, DeVellis R, Simpson RJ. Self efficacy as a predictor of dietary change in low socioeconomic status southern adult population. Health Educ Behav. 1997;24(3):357-68.
Walkley RH. Self efficacy in Health Related Behavior Change. 1997.
Maibach E, Schlenger W, Stein JA, Murphy DA. Con-ceptualizing the multidimensional nature of self-effi-cacy: assessment of situational context and level of behavioral challenge to maintain safer sex. Health Psychol. 2001;20(4):281-90. [PubMed]
Kazdin AE. Encyclopaedia of psychology. Vol:17. Oxford University Press. 2000;pp:28,212-3.
تونز كیت. تیلفورد سیلویا. روبینسون یون كلی. آموزش بهداشت- كارآیی و اثربخشی آن. ترجمه: دكتر فرشته فرزیان پور. چاپ دوم. ناشر: سلاله نیكان، (1378)، صفحه 70.
Butler JT. Principles of health education and health promotion. 3rd Edition. Belmont CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning. 2001.
Schwarzer R, Jerusalem M. Generalized self-efficacy scale. In: Weinman J, Wright S, Johnson M (Editors). Measures in health psychology: A user's portfolio, Causal and control beliefs. Windsor England: NFER-NELSON. 1995;pp:35-7.
Brafford LJ, Beck KH. Development and validation of a condom self-efficacy scale for college students. J Am Coll Health. 1991;39:219-25. [PubMed]
Heinrich L. Contraceptive self-efficacy in college women. J Adolesc Health. 1993;14:269-76. [PubMed]
Levinson RA. Contraceptive self-efficacy: A perspec-tive on teenage girls' contraceptive behavior. J Sex Res. 1986;22:347-69.
Dodge JA, Oakley D. Analyzing Nurse-Client Interac-tions in Family Planning Clinics. Journal of Commu-nity Health Nursing. 1989;6(1):37-44. [PubMed]
Matteson P. Advocating for Self: Women's Decisions Concerning Contraception .New York: Haworth. 1995;pp:289-98.
Oakley D, Denyes MJ, O'Connor N. Expanded nursing care for contraceptive use. Appl Nurs Res. 1989;2(3): 121-7. [PubMed]
Herold ES, Goodwin MS, Lero DS. Self-esteem, locus of control and adolescent contraception. J Psych. 1979; 101:83-8. [PubMed]
Neel E, Jay S, Litt I. The relationship of self-concept and autonomy to oral contraceptive compliance among adolescent females. J Adolesc Health Care. 1985;6: 445-7. [PubMed]
Rosen R, Ager J. Self-concept and contraception: Pre-conception decision-making. Popul Environ. 1981;4: 11-23.
Williams SP, Frank ML, Ilegbodu A, Sangi-Hagh-peykar H, Corboy JE, Poindexter AN. Factors asso- ciated with unintended pregnancy. Adv Contracept Abv. 1997;13(4):429-38. [PubMed]
Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(2):191-215. [PubMed]
Goodson P. Predictors of intention to promote family planning: a survey of Protestant seminarians in the United States. Health Educ Behav. 2002;29(5): 521-41. [PubMed]
Rimal RN. Closing the knowledge-behavior gap in health promotion: the mediating role of self-efficacy. Health Commun. 2000;12(3):219-37. [PubMed]
Guthrie BJ, Billings S, Kiel MK, Oakley D, Walker DS. Using cognitive theory to improve nurse practi-tioners' anticipatory guidance with contraceptive pill users. J Community Health Nurs. 2001;18(4):223-34.