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Introduction
The incidence of partial or complete hydatidi form mole is approximately 1 in 500 to 1 in 1000 pregnancies (1). Molar changes may also be found in ectopic pregnancies. Its malignant potential is similar to that of an intrauterine molar pregnancy (2). Molar changes could be either partial or complete and the treatment is surgical combined with chemotherapy. Follow-up is usually done by serial serum human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) titrations. Although ultrasonography is useful in the diagnosis of uterine molar pregnancies, there is a chance of missing this diagnosis in cases of an ectopic molar pregnancy.
Case Presentation
A 30-year-old female patient, gravida 4, para 3, was admitted to North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), Shillong, India with a 7-week history of amenorrhea followed by an episode of mild bleeding per vaginum. She also had abdominal pain 1 week prior to the presentation. On examination, her vital signs were stable with no pallor or edema. Per abdominal examination revealed tenderness over the left iliac fossa, without any guarding or rigidity. Per vaginal examination showed a normal-sized uterus and a tender left adnexal mass measuring 4x4 cm.
Her hemoglobin concentration was 8.6% gr/dl and the urine pregnancy test was positive. Transabdominal ultrasonography confirmed the finding of a left tubo-ovarian mass denoting a live fetus corresponding to 7 weeks and 6 days of gestation with free fluid in the pelvic cavity.
Keeping in view the above findings, decision for exploratory laparotomy was made. However, such hemodynamically stable patients could have been managed by laparoscopy in the presence of the required facility and expertise.
During the operation, hemoperitonium was found with a normal uterus, an intact right-sided fallopian tube and a ruptured left tubal ectopic pregnancy. Consequently, left-sided salpingectomy was performed to maintain proper homeostasis.
Gross examination showed grey brown tissue, measuring 6x4x2 cm with moles ranging in size from 1 to 3 mm and a fetus corresponding to 6 to 7 weeks of gestation (Figure 1). The specimen was then subjected to histopathological examination (Figure 1).
On histological examination, there were chorionic villi showing circumferential trophoblastic proliferation, hydropic changes and karyorrhexis. Based on these findings, the possibility of a molar pregnancy was thought and serum β-hCG level determination was asked. Postoperatively, on the day of surgery, serum β-hCG was 5308 mIU/ml. Her post-operative period was otherwise unevenful, but she was followed up by weekly serum β-hCG measurements. The tests showed a decreasing trend and turned negative at the end of the 6th week. Barrier contraception was advised for at least 1 year during which she was also on regular follow-ups.
Discussion
Clinically, tubal molar pregnancy mimics normal tubal ectopic pregnancy and, therefore, makes the diagnosis difficult (3). However, provisional diagnosis is made during surgery and histopathological examination can determine the final diagnosis.
Molar changes may even be found in cervical pregnancies (4, 5). Molar changes can be detected by transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography. Magnetic resonance imaging is also helpful in localizing the lesion.
Conservative fertility-sparing management was found successful in a reported case of cervical molar pregnancy (5).
Cornual pregnancy itself is a very rare condition and a challenging diagnosis to make. Rupture of the horn does not usually take place until the twelfth week of gestation but, when it does, there is nearly always severe bleeding which makes the condition extremely dangerous. Molar changes are even found in cornual pregnancies (6, 7). Reported cases of molar changes in ovarian pregnancy are also found in the literature (8).
Molar ectopic pregnancy becomes even more difficult to diagnose when it occurs in heterotopic pregnancies, where the patient may present with shock, weeks after evacuation of the intrauterine pregnancy (9). The condition might then be confused with degenerated fibroid seen during pregnancy. Although extremely rare, an extra-uterine molar pregnancy should form part of the differential diagnoses in cases of intra-uterine pregnancy complicated by the presence of a pelvic mass, vascularity and high levels of serum β-hCG (10).
Monitoring β-hCG titers following conservative management of suspected ectopic pregnancies is important, not only to diagnose persistent ectopic gestation, but also to rule out the presence of malignant trophoblastic diseases (11). The current trend in the treatment of ectopic pregnancies is through conservative surgery and monitoring of β-hCG titers to avoid missing a choriocarcinoma developing in an ectopic gestation, even though this is a very rare condition (12). Mediastinal metastasis of choriocarcinomas following ectopic pregnancies cause dyspnoea, pleural effusion and thoracic pain (13).
One extensive study on routine pre-evacuation ultrasound diagnosis of hydatidiform mole suggests that ultrasonography identifies less than 50% of hydatidiform moles. Detection rates are, however, higher for complete compared to partial moles, and improve even further after the 14th week of gestation (14).
Histopathological examination of conception
products remains the current gold standard for the diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. There is also a possibility of over-diagnosis by histological examination, especially in early ectopic tubal pregnancies, due to a more florid extra-villous trophoblastic proliferation compared with evacuated uterine products of conception (1). Extra caution should be taken to strictly apply the morphological criteria of circumferential trophoblastic proliferation, hydropic changes, scalloped villi and stromal karyorrhexis for diagnosis (15).
Conclusion
Ectopic molar pregnancy is a rare condition, which can occur at any place in the pelvic cavity. Invasive mole and choriocarcinoma might even follow such a pregnancy. However, ultrasonography might not be able to fully diagnose ectopic molar pregnancies, leaving histopathological examination of the conception products the current gold standard for the diagnosis.
Acknowledgement
No Conflict of interest existed for the authors of this article.