- Majid Karandish
 - - Human Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran
- Abolghasem Jazayery
- - Human Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran
- Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- - Epidemiology Department, Faculty of Publi Health, Tehran Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran
- Ahmad Behrooz
- - Department of Obstet . and Gynecol Faculty of Medicine, Ahwaz University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Farideh Moramezi
- - Department of Obstet . and Gynecol Faculty of Medicine, Ahwaz University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Received: 7/1/2003 Accepted: 7/1/2003 - Publisher : Avicenna Research Institute |
|
| Related Articles |
|
| Other Format |
|
|
|
Abstract
Nutritional status during pregnancy and intake of essential nutrients affect pregnancy outcome and child health. In most previous studies, high doses of calcium supplements were used during pregnancy to evaluate the effect of calcium intake on pregnancy outcome and their results showed no consistency. In addition, those studies have been mainly carried out to determine the effect of calcium supplementation on relative risk of preeclampsia. The aim of this double blind, placebo controlled, randomized clinical trial on healthy pregnant women during the third trimester of pregnancy was to determine the effect of calcium supplementation (1 g/day, as two 500 mg calcium carbonate capsules) on pregnancy outcome. Participants were 68 healthy pregnant women, allocated randomly into "Calcium Supplement" (n=33) or "Placebo" (n=35) groups from the 28th -30th weeks of gestation through delivery. Factors such as blood pressure, weight, height and BMI were analyzed in both groups. Hemoglobin and blood glucose concentration were determined on the basis of patients’ records and dietary calcium intake was estimated by FFQ. Anthropometric parameters of neonates including weight, head circumference and length were recorded. Student t. test and c2 were used for analyses of the continuous quantitative and qualitative variables, respectively and p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. there was no difference between our 2 groups regarding such factors as age, parity, height, weight, pre-pregnancy body mass index (bmi), blood pressure, and dietary calcium intake. compliance was>80% in both groups and there was no significant and meaningful difference between them regarding this factor. As compared to the placebo, calcium supplementation increased the mean birth weight in the "Calcium Supplement" group (P<0.05 ). the observed effect remained unchanged after removing four neonates born before the 37th week of gestation (251 g, p<0.05). it is concluded that calcium supplementation in healthy pregnant mothers may increase birth weight independent of gestational age.< pan>
Keywords:
Calcium supplement, Pregnancy, Pregnancy outcome, Birth weight, Pregnancy care To cite this article:References
- Kaiser L.L., Allen L. Position of the American Dietetic Association:Nutrition and lifestyle for healthy pregnancy outcome. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:1479-90.
- The World Health Report 1998: Life in the 21st Century, A Vision for All. Geneva: WHO; 1998.
- Krishnaswamy K., Naidu A.N., Prasad M.P.R., Reddy G.A. Fetal malnutrition and adult chronic disease.Nutr Rev.2002;60:S35-S39.
- Barker D.J.P. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. BMJ.1995;311:171-4.
- Law C.M., Shiell A.W. Is blood pressure inversely related to birth weight? The strength of evidence from a systematic review of the literature. J Hypertens.1996;14:935-41.
- Barker D.J.P., Gluckman P.D., Godfrey K.M. Fetal nutrition and cardiovasular disease in adult life. Lancet. 1993;341:938-41.
- Weaver C.M., Heaney R.P., Calcium. In:Shils M.E., Olson J.A., Shike M., Catharine A.(Editors). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease 9 th Edition, Maryland Lippincott Williams &Wilkins; 1999. p:141-55.
- Miller G.D., Anderson J.J.B. The role of calcium in prevention of chronic diseases. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999; 18:S371- S372.
- Heaney R.P., Davies K.M., Barger-Lux J. Calcium and weight: clinical studies. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002; 21:152S-155S.
- Heaney R.P. There should be a dietay guideline for calcium. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:658-61.
- United Nations’ Administrative Committee on Coordination/Sub-Committere on Nutrition. 4th report on the world nutriton situation.Geneva: ACC/SCN; 2000.
- de Onis M., Villar J., Gulmezoglu M. Nutritional interventions to prevent intra-uterine growth retardation: evidence from randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998;S83-S93.
- Houshiar-Rad A., Omidvar N., Mahmoodi M., Kolahdooz F., Amini M. Dietary intake,anthropometry and birth outcome of rural pregnant women in two Iranian districts. NutrRes. 1998;18:1469-82.
- Ortega R.M., Martinez R.M., Quintas M.E., Lopez-Sobaler A.M.,Andres P. Calcium levels in maternal milk: relationships with calcium intake during the third trimester of pregnancy. Br J Nutr.1998;79: 501-7.
- Belizan J.M., Villar J., Gonzalez L., Campodonico L., Bergel E.Calcium supplementation to prevent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. N Eng J Med.1991; 325:1399-405.
- Levine R.J., Hauth J.C., Curet L.B., Sibai B.M., Catalano P.M.,Morris C.A., et al. Trial of calcium to prevent preeclampsia. N Eng J Med.1997;337:69-76.
- Lopez-Jaramillo P., Delgado F., Jacome P., Teran E., Ruano C.Calcium supplementation and the risk of preeclampsia in Ecuadorian pregnant teenagers. Obs Gyn. 1997; 90:162-7.
- Niromanesh S., Laghaii S., Mosavi-Jarrahi A. Supplementary calcium in prevention of pre-eclampsia. Int J Gyn Obs. 2001;74:17-21.
- Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium,Phosphorus, Magnesium,Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington,DC, National Academy Press;1997.
- Fuller J., Schaller-Ayers J. Editors. Health Assessment: A Nursing Approach. Phyladelphia, J.B. Lippincott: 1990.
- World Health Organization. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry.WHO Tech Rep Ser No 854. Geneva: WHO;1995.
- Schieve L.A., Cogswell M.E., Scanlon K.S., Perry G., Ferre C.,Blackmore-Prince C., et al. Prepregnancy body mass index and pregnancy weight gain: associations with preterm delivery.Obs Gyn.2000; 96:194-200.
- Hauth J.C., Ewell M.G., Levine R.J., Esterlitz J.R., Sibai B., Curet L.B., et al. Pregnancy outcomes in healthy nulliparas who developed hypertentension. Obs Gyn. 2000;95:24-8.
- Purwar M., Kulkarni H., Motghare V., Dhole S. Calcium supplementation and prevention of pregnancy induced hypertension. J Obs Gyn Res. 1996;22:425-30.
- Prentice A., Jarjou L.M.A., Cole T.J., Stirling D.M., Dibba B.,Fairweathe-Tait S. Calcium requirements of lactating Gambian mothers: effects of a calcium supplement on breast-milk calcium concentration, maternal bone mineral content, and urinary calcium excretion. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62:58-67.
- Merialdi M., Carroli G., Villar J., Abalos E., Gulmezoglu A.M.,Kulier R., et al. Nutritional interventions during pregnancy for the prevention or treatment of impaired fetal growth: an overview of randomized controlled trials. J Nutr. 2003;133:S1626- S1631.